Most earners in Massachusetts will benefit at least modestly from recent U.S tax policy changes and looking ahead, the key economic constraint in the commonwealth is a lack of labor.

“In Massachusetts, most people will probably win out a little bit” as a result of the recently enacted income tax changes,” Northeastern University economist Alan Clayton-Matthews told members of MassEcon members at the recent 2018 annual kickoff breakfast meeting. “And the state will have essentially full employment through 2021,” he said in a statement following the meeting. But with somewhat reduced traditional migration to the state, “employment growth will be constrained by the number of available workers.”

Clayton-Matthews spoke as MassEcon, the commonwealth’s partner in promoting business and locations in the state, celebrates its 25th year. Clayton-Matthews reflected on the state of the economy in 1993 and compared it to the quarter-century since MassEcon was founded.

Recalling 25 years ago, Clayton-Matthews said the recent recession that began in 2008 “was nothing compared to” 1993’s, when unemployment was 8 percent and two of Boston’s biggest banks teetered and one went out of business. “Back then you didn’t think there’d be any future to the state,” he said.

However, Massachusetts has recovered and is now in the second-longest recovery since the industrial revolution, he said in a statement. “It doesn’t show any signs of ending.”

Labor force participation was actually higher in the ’90s than today, Clayton-Matthews said, partly because so many women came into the workforce during that decade and also because today many men are aging out of their prime working years.

The state typically adds about 50,000 new workers a year.

Massachusetts is significantly ahead of the national average in levels of educational attainment statewide, he said, and the Boston-Cambridge area is ahead of the rest of the state. Massachusetts’ educational lead over the country as a whole in four-year-college graduates has increased from 7.5 percent in 1990 to 11 percent today, and the gap continues to grow.

The fastest growing sectors in the Massachusetts economy are construction, professional and business services, and leisure and hospitality. Education and health continue to grow modestly, and government grew minimally, and then only at local levels.

The economy’s losers in terms of employment are the information sectors, journalism and publishing, which saw a more than 4 percent decline.

Population growth will be low, about half a percent a year, but steady through 2021, he said, which is one reason for the constrained labor supply. Unemployment is about 3.5 percent now and “can’t go lower,” he stated. “Improvements in productivity will enable output and incomes to grow faster than employment,” he said. “Labor shortages should finally result in wage increases.”

While Clayton-Matthews noted that most Massachusetts workers will benefit at least a small amount with the recent U.S. tax code changes, he said those at the very top will gain more on a percentage basis than those in the middle and at the bottom. That is true even though limits were placed on the amount of local and state taxes paid that can be deducted from a worker’s federal tax liability.

No discussion of the Massachusetts economy is complete without a mention of Amazon’s search for a second North American headquarters, and Boston made the top 20 candidates this week.

“We don’t need Amazon, but if we get Amazon, we’ll get the workers and get transportation fixed,” Clayton-Matthews predicted.