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In a year full of big numbers, with strong gains for stocks and even more fantastic flights for crypto, it was one shrinking number that superseded all.

Inflation, the scourge of the global economy, moderated this year. It’s still relatively high, particularly after the many years of low inflation that everyone enjoyed before U.S. inflation topped 9 percent two summers ago. But it’s cooled enough to get investors looking ahead to a 2024 where interest rates may be on the way down instead of up. Globally, inflation is estimated to have come down to 6.9 percent from 8.7 percent last year.

Surprisingly, the U.S. economy also held up through the year despite worries at the start of it that a recession may be inevitable. For a while, the worry was even that the economy may be too strong, which could have fed into upward pressure on inflation and forced the Federal Reserve to keep interest rates higher for longer.

That led to counterintuitive moments where Wall Street actually cheered weaker reports on the economy, as long as they weren’t too weak, because they kept alive the possibility of a perfect landing for the economy engineered by the Federal Reserve. The goal was for the economy to slow just enough to snuff out high inflation, but not so much that it falls into a recession.

Now, with the economy still growing and expectations rising for cuts to rates coming in 2024, investors have rushed to get ahead of the moves, which can act like steroids for all kinds of markets. U.S. stocks bounced back from their dismal 2022, which was Wall Street’s worst year since the dot-com bubble was deflating two decades earlier.

Much of Wall Street’s run was due to just a small group of stocks, but breadth was better around the world. Stock markets across the Americas, Europe and Asia all rose.

Higher interest rates left their mark, however, notably in the U.S. housing market. Sales of previously occupied U.S. homes slumped in October to their slowest pace in more than 13 years.

Here’s a look at some of the striking numbers that shaped global financial markets in 2023.

Inflation

3.1 percent
The headline inflation rate at the consumer level in November in the U.S. Inflation peaked at 9.1 percent in June 2022. The Federal Reserve’s target level is 2 percent.

55 percent
The price increase for U.S. used cars from February 2020 through the peak in January 2022. From January 2022 through this November, prices for used cars declined 11.5 percent.

$4
National average price per gallon of milk in November, up 25 percent from $3.20 just before the pandemic in February 2020.

22
Consecutive months that the U.S. unemployment rate has come in below 4 percent, the longest streak since a 27-month run from November 1967 through January 1970. The job market held up even as the Federal Reserve tried to slow the economy to fight inflation.

67
The percentage of Americans that disapproved of President Biden’s handling of the economy in an October poll from The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research. That sentiment, if it persists, could hamper Biden in his expected election rematch with former president Trump.

Markets

7
This small number of stocks was alone responsible for roughly two-thirds of the S&P 500’s return in 2023 through mid-December. Apple, Microsoft, Alphabet, Amazon, Nvidia, Tesla and Meta Platforms are also Wall Street’s biggest stocks.

$43,000
Bitcoin surged past this level in December after starting the year below $16,300. It and other cryptocurrencies had tumbled last year as rising rates hit investments seen as particularly risky.

5 percent
The return for the largest U.S. bond mutual fund, as of Dec. 14. As recently as November, it had been on track for a third straight yearly loss. But excitement about potential cuts to rates sent bond prices soaring.

3
The combined number of days the S&P 500 rose or fell by at least 2 percent in 2023. The index rose 24.2 percent through the year, as of Dec. 19. In 2022, a down year for stocks, there were more than 40 such days.

Interest Rates

5 percent
The peak for the yield on the 10-year U.S. Treasury, a level not seen since 2007. Bond yields marched higher for much of the year, then reversed sharply over the last two months. The 10-yield stood at 3.92 percent on Dec. 19.

7.88 percent
The average rate on a 60-month auto loan in August 2023, according to the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. The rate was 5.27 percent in August 2019.

21.2 percent
The average credit card interest rate as of August, according to the Federal Reserve. That’s up from 16.3 percent in 2022 and 14.6 percent in 2021.

3
The number of times Federal Reserve officials expect to cut interest rates in 2024, according to recently released projections. The Fed raised rates 11 times between March 2022 and July of this year before pausing.

Housing

7.79 percent
The average rate on a 30-year mortgage on Oct. 26, according to Freddie Mac. It was the highest average rate since Nov. 11, 2000.

$2,199
The median monthly payment listed by prospective homebuyers on mortgage applications in October, a 9.3 percent increase from a year earlier.

67 percent
The share of U.S. homeowners who had a home loan with a fixed rate of 5 percent or less as of September.

1.15 million
The number of existing U.S. homes on the market at the end of October. That was down 5.7 percent from October 2022 and is roughly half the historical average going back to 1999. Sales of existing homes fell 20.2 percent in the first 10 months of the year.

$391,800
The median sales price of a previously occupied U.S. home in October. It was up 3.4 percent from the same month in 2022.

AP staff writers Paul Wiseman, Chris Rugaber and Tom Krisher contributed to this piece.